Ionin – Gas Supply
This publication presents the fundamentals of designing, calculating, and operating urban and industrial gas supply systems. It describes the operating modes of gas networks and equipment. It examines the fundamentals of gas combustion theory, gas burner devices, and their calculations. This publication is supplemented with calculation methods for solving specific problems using a computer, a description of the economical use of gas for heating boilers and industrial furnaces, and a systematic presentation of the hydraulic calculations of networks and their reliability. The 3rd edition was published in 1981.
For students of construction universities studying in the specialty “Heat, Gas Supply and Ventilation“.
Gaseous fuel is a mixture of combustible and non-combustible gases containing certain impurities. Combustible gases include hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide. Non-combustible components include nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and oxygen. These components constitute the ballast of gaseous fuel. Impurities include water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, and dust. Artificial gases may contain ammonia, cyanide compounds, tar, etc. Gaseous fuel is purified to remove harmful impurities.
The content of harmful impurities in grams per 100 m3 of gas intended for urban gas supply, according to GOST 5542-78, must not exceed: hydrogen sulfide — 2, mercaptan sulfur — 3.6, and mechanical impurities — 0.1. The deviation of the calorific value from the nominal value must not exceed ±5%.
Dry gases are generally used for gas supply. The moisture content should not exceed the amount that saturates the gas at -20°C (in winter) and 35°C (in summer). The moisture content of saturated gas depends on its temperature. If gas is transported over long distances, it is pre-dried. Most artificial gases have a pungent odor, which facilitates the detection of gas leaks from pipelines and fittings. Natural gas is odorless. Before being supplied to the network, it is odorized, imparting a sharp, unpleasant odor that is noticeable at a concentration of 1% in the air.
The odor of toxic gases should be noticeable at concentrations permitted by sanitary standards. Liquefied gas used by household consumers (according to GOST 20448-80*) must not contain more than 5 g of hydrogen sulfide per 100 m³ of gas, and the odor should be noticeable at a concentration of 0.5% in the air. The oxygen concentration in gaseous fuel must not exceed 1%. When using a mixture of liquefied gas and air for gas supply, the gas concentration in the mixture must be at least twice the upper flammability limit. The physical properties and heat of combustion of certain gases are presented in Tables 1.2 and 1.3. Using the data in these tables, one can calculate the heat of combustion, density, and other characteristics of gaseous fuel.
